By: Muhammad Nizar
Australia
Australia is located at the south of Indonesia. At 17th century, exactly in 1606, the first European sightings of Australia were made by a Dutchman called Willem Janszoon on the Duyfken (Little Dove). Janszoon sailed into the Australian waters charting 300 km of the coast on the journey. Janszoon also met with the Aboriginal people on the journey. Janszoon was the first recorded European to achieve such feats. Later that year Louis Vaez de Torres sailed through the Torres Strait, named after him self. Both Captains have been recorded as having sighted the Cape York Peninsula. Then in 1642, Dutch explorer, Abel Tasman's, first journey to Australia. It was in 1644 that Abel Tasman established that Australia was made up of four coasts North, West, East and South. The Australian state of Tasmania was named after this famous explorer.
At 18th century, Captain Cooks lands in Botany Bay on the Eastern side of Australia in the ship named HM Bark Endeavour and claims New South Wales for Britain in 1770. The First Fleet arrives at Sydney Cove under Captain Arthur Phillip to establish the first settlement in Australia. This was to be a penal colony Sydney was founded. The date of his arrival, January 26, 1778, went on to mark Australia Day. Then, Captain Arthur Phillip also brought 1,000 people, of whom 717 were convicts. He accompanied them to establish a new colony. It was a colonial experiment; never before had a colony served as a jail for convicts.
The British government determined on settling New South Wales in 1786 and colonization began early in 1788. The motives for this move have become a matter of some controversy. The traditional view is that Britain thereby sought to relieve the pressure upon its prisons, a pressure intensified by the loss of its American colonies, which hitherto had accepted felons. Convicts went to the settlement from the outset, and official statements put this first among the colony's intended purposes. But some historians argue that this glossed a scheme, likely to provoke concern both within Britain and at the diplomatic level, to provide a bastion for British trade in the eastern seas. Supporters of the commercial-strategic viewpoint emphasize that Cook had extended hopes that the South Pacific would provide essential naval stores, especially mast timber and flax.
One century later, 19th century (1801-1809), the great age of exploration: coastal surveys (Bass, Flinders), interior (Sturt, Eyre, Leichhardt, Burke and Willis, McDouall Stuart, Forrest). The name 'Australia' was first suggested by Matthew Flinders and supported by Governor Macquarie (1810 - 1821). At a meeting in 1899, the Premiers of the other Colonies agreed to locate the new federal capital of Australia in New South Wales, and added this section to the Australian Constitution. September 17, 1900, Queen Victoria proclaims Australia an independent member of the Commonwealth. Finally, in 1909, the state of New South Wales surrendered a portion of this territory to the Commonwealth of Australia, the site of present day Canberra.
New Zealand
In 1642 the first of the European explorers, Abel Janszoon Tasman from Holland, sails into New Zealand waters. Tasman named his discovery Staten Land, believing that it might be part of the Staten Landt discovered by Le Maire and Schouten off the southeast coast of South America in 1616. However on his world map of 1645-46, Joannes Blaeu renamed it Zeelandia Nova, Nieuw Zeeland, perhaps to match New Holland, as Australia was then known. The naming of New Zealand was Brian Hooker
The first encounter between Maori and European is violent, leading to bloodshed. After partly charting the coastline, Tasman leaves New Zealand without ever having had the occasion to set foot ashore. One hundred years pass by before the next Europeans arrive. In 1769 James Cook, British explorer, and Jean François Marie de Surville, commander of a French trading ship, both arrive by coincidence in New Zealand waters at the same time. Neither ship ever sights the other. From the late 1790's on, whalers, traders and missionaries arrive, establishing settlements mainly along the far northern coast of New Zealand.
Wars and conflicts between Maori (indigenous people of New Zealand) tribes were always constant, and weapons used until now were spears or clubs. The arrival of traders leads to a flourishing musket trade with local Maori, who rapidly foresee the advantages of overcoming enemy tribes with this deadly new weapon. The devastating period known as the inter-tribal Musket Wars commences. Rumors of French Plans the colonization of the South Island help hasten British action to annex, and then colonize New Zealand. A number of Maori chiefs sign a Treaty with the British on 6th February 1840, to be known as the Treaty of Waitangi. The subsequent influx of European settlers leads to the turbulent period of the New Zealand Wars, also known as the Land Wars, which last for over twenty years.
Hostilities between Maori and European commence in 1845. By 1870 the British government withdraws the last of its Imperial Troops from New Zealand, not wishing to invest any further in a costly overseas war which was likely to continue indefinitely. The Maori, although inferior in number, proves a formidable foe. The battle of Gate Pa is possibly the battle which made the greatest impact in the history of The New Zealand Wars. Hongi Hika, warrior chief of the Nga Puhi tribe; Te Rauparaha, also known as “The Napoleon of the South” - warrior chief of the Ngati Toa tribe; Te Kooti, resistant, prophet, and founder of the Ringatu church; Michael Joseph Savage, early innovative Prime Minister are but a few, Maori and European, who have left their mark on the history of New Zealand. New Zealand today is an independent nation within the British Commonwealth. The British Monarch, although constitutional head of state, plays no active role in the administration of New Zealand's government. The capital city is Wellington, although the largest city is Auckland, both situated in the North Island.
--- The End ---
Sources:
http://www.australia.gov.au
http://www.culture.gov.au
http://www.britannica.com
http://gutenberg.net.au/index.html
http://history-nz.org/index.html
Australia
Australia is located at the south of Indonesia. At 17th century, exactly in 1606, the first European sightings of Australia were made by a Dutchman called Willem Janszoon on the Duyfken (Little Dove). Janszoon sailed into the Australian waters charting 300 km of the coast on the journey. Janszoon also met with the Aboriginal people on the journey. Janszoon was the first recorded European to achieve such feats. Later that year Louis Vaez de Torres sailed through the Torres Strait, named after him self. Both Captains have been recorded as having sighted the Cape York Peninsula. Then in 1642, Dutch explorer, Abel Tasman's, first journey to Australia. It was in 1644 that Abel Tasman established that Australia was made up of four coasts North, West, East and South. The Australian state of Tasmania was named after this famous explorer.
At 18th century, Captain Cooks lands in Botany Bay on the Eastern side of Australia in the ship named HM Bark Endeavour and claims New South Wales for Britain in 1770. The First Fleet arrives at Sydney Cove under Captain Arthur Phillip to establish the first settlement in Australia. This was to be a penal colony Sydney was founded. The date of his arrival, January 26, 1778, went on to mark Australia Day. Then, Captain Arthur Phillip also brought 1,000 people, of whom 717 were convicts. He accompanied them to establish a new colony. It was a colonial experiment; never before had a colony served as a jail for convicts.
The British government determined on settling New South Wales in 1786 and colonization began early in 1788. The motives for this move have become a matter of some controversy. The traditional view is that Britain thereby sought to relieve the pressure upon its prisons, a pressure intensified by the loss of its American colonies, which hitherto had accepted felons. Convicts went to the settlement from the outset, and official statements put this first among the colony's intended purposes. But some historians argue that this glossed a scheme, likely to provoke concern both within Britain and at the diplomatic level, to provide a bastion for British trade in the eastern seas. Supporters of the commercial-strategic viewpoint emphasize that Cook had extended hopes that the South Pacific would provide essential naval stores, especially mast timber and flax.
One century later, 19th century (1801-1809), the great age of exploration: coastal surveys (Bass, Flinders), interior (Sturt, Eyre, Leichhardt, Burke and Willis, McDouall Stuart, Forrest). The name 'Australia' was first suggested by Matthew Flinders and supported by Governor Macquarie (1810 - 1821). At a meeting in 1899, the Premiers of the other Colonies agreed to locate the new federal capital of Australia in New South Wales, and added this section to the Australian Constitution. September 17, 1900, Queen Victoria proclaims Australia an independent member of the Commonwealth. Finally, in 1909, the state of New South Wales surrendered a portion of this territory to the Commonwealth of Australia, the site of present day Canberra.
New Zealand
In 1642 the first of the European explorers, Abel Janszoon Tasman from Holland, sails into New Zealand waters. Tasman named his discovery Staten Land, believing that it might be part of the Staten Landt discovered by Le Maire and Schouten off the southeast coast of South America in 1616. However on his world map of 1645-46, Joannes Blaeu renamed it Zeelandia Nova, Nieuw Zeeland, perhaps to match New Holland, as Australia was then known. The naming of New Zealand was Brian Hooker
The first encounter between Maori and European is violent, leading to bloodshed. After partly charting the coastline, Tasman leaves New Zealand without ever having had the occasion to set foot ashore. One hundred years pass by before the next Europeans arrive. In 1769 James Cook, British explorer, and Jean François Marie de Surville, commander of a French trading ship, both arrive by coincidence in New Zealand waters at the same time. Neither ship ever sights the other. From the late 1790's on, whalers, traders and missionaries arrive, establishing settlements mainly along the far northern coast of New Zealand.
Wars and conflicts between Maori (indigenous people of New Zealand) tribes were always constant, and weapons used until now were spears or clubs. The arrival of traders leads to a flourishing musket trade with local Maori, who rapidly foresee the advantages of overcoming enemy tribes with this deadly new weapon. The devastating period known as the inter-tribal Musket Wars commences. Rumors of French Plans the colonization of the South Island help hasten British action to annex, and then colonize New Zealand. A number of Maori chiefs sign a Treaty with the British on 6th February 1840, to be known as the Treaty of Waitangi. The subsequent influx of European settlers leads to the turbulent period of the New Zealand Wars, also known as the Land Wars, which last for over twenty years.
Hostilities between Maori and European commence in 1845. By 1870 the British government withdraws the last of its Imperial Troops from New Zealand, not wishing to invest any further in a costly overseas war which was likely to continue indefinitely. The Maori, although inferior in number, proves a formidable foe. The battle of Gate Pa is possibly the battle which made the greatest impact in the history of The New Zealand Wars. Hongi Hika, warrior chief of the Nga Puhi tribe; Te Rauparaha, also known as “The Napoleon of the South” - warrior chief of the Ngati Toa tribe; Te Kooti, resistant, prophet, and founder of the Ringatu church; Michael Joseph Savage, early innovative Prime Minister are but a few, Maori and European, who have left their mark on the history of New Zealand. New Zealand today is an independent nation within the British Commonwealth. The British Monarch, although constitutional head of state, plays no active role in the administration of New Zealand's government. The capital city is Wellington, although the largest city is Auckland, both situated in the North Island.
--- The End ---
Sources:
http://www.australia.gov.au
http://www.culture.gov.au
http://www.britannica.com
http://gutenberg.net.au/index.html
http://history-nz.org/index.html
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